Build To Order Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Build To Order Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay Build-to-order Supply Chain (BOSC) is viewed by many researchers as an effective way to achieve high customer value because BOSC can fulfil an individual or a group of customers orders while maintaining low cost, cutting inventory cost, eliminating waste, and achieving short response time through flexible manufacturing and integrated logistics. BOSC is needed to support mass customization, which is the ability to make high variety and low cost products and deliver them quickly to meet the diverging needs of customers. Mass customization can be achieved by implementing modularity-based manufacturing practices, postponing production steps that determine product features and performances, and applying IT to coordinate actions and speed up final production and delivery. BOSC also emphasizes the importance of partnership with suppliers and customers, web-based technologies, and rapid transport and delivery. This research aims at the study of factors that affect built-to-order supply chain and the issues related to BOSC and what stops an organization to implement BOSC in their organization. Introduction Background Developing trends in international arena has forced many global firms to revisit their operations strategy. Their operations are moving from centralize to decentralize in order to gain markets. In order to accomplish this, companies have gone through number of changes in terms of strategies, tactics, and operation with the goal of matching the market needs. There are multiple competitive performance objectives on which companies compete today like quality, price, responsiveness, flexibility, and dependability. To achieve these objectives an efficient supply chain required in which mass production is converted into mass customization. Mass customization has become a major objective of many Fortune 500 companies (Gunasekaran Ngai, 2005).The idea of mass customization is seen as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ability to use of flexible processes and organizational structures to produce varied and often individually customized products and services at the price of standardized, mass-produced alterna tivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- (Hart, 1996, p. 13). To-wards this end, firms have developed a build-to-order supply chain (BTOSC) to be flexible and responsive (Gunasekaran Ngai, 2005). Due to the increasing competition in todays market every company wants to have a competitive advantage over their competitors so that they can survive in the market and make profits. BOSC is a way of providing the customer the option of mass customization and maintain low inventory which helps the company provide a variety of products to its customers without incurring huge inventory holding cost. Build-to-order supply chain (BTOSC) means a demand-driven manufacturing approach, in which the products are planned and built against to a confirmed order received from a final customer or consumer. In this supply chain, it excludes the all intermediaries, like dealers, sales companies etc., between final customer and the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) (Parry Graves, 2008). The order placement system is very sophisticated, as it takes information from forecasting system and the received orders, and then directs the suppliers according to the product ordered. All parts are not scheduled as BTOSC, but the expensive parts would schedule using BTOSC. Research Question How do factors like organizational competitiveness, Information technology, Operations and Development and Implementation affect build-to-order supply chain in an organization? Literature Review Supply Chain Design There are four types of supply chain design:- Built-to-stock The BTS supply chain gives fastest response time to the customer. The product is manufactured before receiving any kind of order. Customers order is satisfied from the retail outlet or from the stocking point of that product (Blanco, 2002). The BTS supply chain is used for low-value products, which customers consume on daily basis, like Diet Cola, Ariel Detergent, etc. And customer values immediate response for such products, so such type of products is manufactured and supplied using BTS model. We agree that the price of such goods is low, but choice of selectivity is also low. There is no room for configuration in these products (Blanco, 2002). The customer has to buy what is on the shelf. The BTS model lacks flexibility in offering choices to consumer. Some of the critical components, like aircraft components are supplied using BTS supply chain (Reeve Srinivasan, 2005). Configure-to-order The product is assembled when order is received with standard modules and components, like desktop and laptop computers. The CTO supply chain initiates on the arrival of order, than assembly of product starts from components which have already been replenished in-to the inventory (Papadakis, 2003). In this model, the customer enjoys greater final-item choices. The automobile industry is another good example. The automobile manufacturers are implementing the initial stages of CTO model with the close cooperation with their distributors and dealers. The intention is to offer customers a combination of options than normally available at the dealers showroom (Miller Wacker, 2000). But still, the customer has to wait for the vehicle until it is assembled according to the specifications. The main issue with the CTO model is how promptly customers needs are satisfied, especially how much lead time they are able to reduce from assembly to the final delivery. The North American automobile in dustry is now targeting delivery of a custom-assembled car within a week of the order being placed, compared to the multi-week window in which it operates today (Willcox, 1998; Reeve Srinivasan, 2005). Build-to-order In the BTO supply chain, the fabrication and production process start on the customer or-der. The end-item produced under BTO model in highly customized and is quite costly to manufacture. The requirements for the BTO are sketched in usual material requirement planning (MRP) structure (Fredriksson Gadde, 2005). In this model, there has to be integrative relationship between supplier and manufacturer. Once all the requirements, of the received order, are in place, the production starts to meet the specific quantities and lead times. Because BTO follows a scheduled production period so MRP activities has to be very coherent. The whole BTO supply chain has to be very closely knitted, because any disruption in material flow could delays in the delivery. That is the reason the MRP chain has to be open to changes in purchase due dates, dispatch list and customer promises. This leads to variation in the capacity of overall supply chain (Reeve Srinivasan 2005). Engineering-to-order In ETO, the supply chain starts from the design phase. This model offers us a truly customized product that requires unique drawings and parts. These products are manufactured for very specific purposes, and are very expensive to develop (Gosling Naim, 2009). The product is custom in nature which takes long lead times to develop. For this reason, the MRP system comes in play to take care of components requirements in ETO. The ETO mostly recognizes as single-lot job shop environment where prototypical processes take place. The upstream planning is often complex and varied to downstream distribution system. The transportation of finish product is often done in single units (Reeve Srinivasan, 2005). The examples for ETO products are NASA space station, high-end customized saloon, sports car, etc. Build-to-order Supply Chain BTOSC is a fusion of leanness, agility and Just-in-Time (JIT). First, we will make connection between lean, agile and JIT approaches. Lean manufacturing was first introduced by Toyota, in their Toyota Production System (TPS), and JIT was part of TPS program, and even the TPS and JIT were used interchangeably back in 1980s (Hallgren Olhager, 2009). According to Narasimhan et al. (2006), we can say production is lean if it is achieved with least amount of waste, minimal inventory and efficient operations. Lean manufacturing is all about performing operations efficiently, with the help of JIT. Because JIT helps in eliminating inventory, and delivers components and parts when they needed in assembly process (Hallgren Olhager, 2009). While agile manufacturing is about efficiently changing in response to state of uncertainty and fluctuating demands (Narasimhan et al., 2006). Sharifi Zhang (2001) stress that agility not only as responding to the change environment in quick time but also exploiting those changes and taking them as opportunity to build ad-vantage in the market. Agile manufacturing also allows introducing new products into the system, with very short lead time (Sharifi Zhang, 2001). This encapsulates these three concepts for BTOSC, and shows that BTOSC is blend of lean, JIT and agile manufacturing approaches (Hallgren Olhager, 2009). In BTOSC, the customer triggers the supply chain by placing order. This manufacturing strategy is demand-driven, where the product is planned, built and pulled through the chain. The final customer by-passes the all intermediaries, like dealers, and directly place the order to the OEM. But OEM also has to build a platform where customers can contact and confirms his/her order. It also gives flexibility to the customers to change it specifications of the confirmed order (Parry Graves, 2008). But before that the OEM has to be responsive and flexible in its operations, to fully respond to the customers demands. Here in BTOSC, its not only OEM who has to be flexible and responsive in their operations but suppliers should be totally complying with the standards of the OEM, so that they respond efficiently to customer orders. Some suppliers work closely with the OEM, where other produce parts following build-to-stock (BTS) production approach. The suppliers follow BTS produce parts like t yres, windscreen wipers and non-expensive items. Where the sup-pliers who work in close proximity with OEM provide expensive modules like engines, transmission, exhaust system, interior items etc., because such items have different variants, from where customer can choose. And that is why these suppliers follow BTOSC production approach (Parry Graves, 2008; Gunasekaran Ngai, 2005). The global arena is changing due to severe competition between companies which is forcing them to revisit their operational strategies to secure market share and improve their profit margins (Gunasekaran Ngai, 2005). Particularly, BTOSC market, which is driven by mass customization and e-commerce, are putting pressure on manufacturers and retailers to shrink planning cycles, compress manufacturing lead times, and speedy distribution system (Tyan et al., 2003). Advantages Provides a level of responsiveness, cost effectiveness, and flexibility that enables companies to deliver the products that customers have chosen at the time they requested it. BOSC results in substantial cost advantages by eliminating the inventory, forecasting, expediting, and setup required to customize products or services. BOSC helps companies utilize people, machinery, and floor space more efficiently BOSC allows a manufacturer to react on time with the market and even shape the behaviour of the market. BOSC can be utilized to manufacture a low volume of products of a pre-determined high variety using a cluster of components. Disadvantages Order-processing is time consuming and costly Multiple revisions of specifications are required Delivery dates are often not met Last-minute changes take up an increasing portion of resources Production plans are often inaccurate and over-ruled Global operations create issues such as exchange rate, political stability etc. Difference between Traditional Supply Chain Management (TSCM) BOTSC Traditional Supply Chain Built to order Supply chain Marketing Push-Sell from stock Pull-build to customer order Production Fixed order line-up Customer demand focussed Logistics Mass Approach Fast, reliable, Customized Consumer Relationship Dealer Owned Shared across the extended enterprise Managing Uncertainty Finished goods inventory buffers Strategic part buffers and information management Finished Goods Inventory High Stock Control Low, condensed dealer stock levels Suppliers Long Lead Time Collaborative/ Responsive BOSC and Organizational Competitiveness While developing BOSC, it is very important to study the factors that force the company to implement BOSC supply chain. For example, Dell uses Internet as a medium for placing order and hence successful implementation of mass customization delivery products to its customers. Therefore, factors external to an organization such as economic scenario, inflation, currency fluctuation, industries policies and so forth influence the strategies of a business organization and these factors should be taken into account when developing strategies for BOSC. Economic factors Many a times, companies fail to achieve their goals because of poor strategic planning, So, it is very important for a company to be a visionary and keeping in mind the changing global environment plan its strategy or align its strategies according to the market situation and develop long term strategies. For instance, interest and currency exchanges have an impact on the economy and that in turn affects the buying capability of an individual, there is a speculation in the market and the people tend to spend less money as a result the demand decreases. People tend to buy good or commodities that very important for their living. At present we can see, the market is fluctuating, in the past few months rupee had a downfall and the companies that import products had to pay more to their foreign counterparts. When people have less money to buy goods and go for standardized products then the company can alter their supply chain accordingly. Considering the agile characteristics of the economy, a more agile organization such as BOSC would be more suitable in helping a company compete not only in terms of service quality, but also in terms of the timely fulfillment of orders. It is seen that in order to be successful the company needs to fulfill the customer requirements and provide them something better than their competitor at a reasonable price. As we all know China is a manufacturing giant which provides products at the cheapest price but the quality is also very poor. So a section of Indian society buys China products because they cant afford other company products or they buy products that are use and throw. The economic depression, stock market crash, dot.com bubble all these major global events affected the business in a big way and forced the companies to revisit their strategies and align them according to the market requirement, BOSC was an outcome of such an organizational change to meet the changing market dynamics. This indicates that when developing a companys strategies, external factors should be given very close attention, including the issue of developing BOSC. Without the support of the environment, pursuing BOSC could prove to threaten the very survival of a company. Market Forces Market forces include the nature of the market, market growth, globalization, customer demand, regulation, product/market innovation, technology and its spread, business risk, and the economy. Porters 5 forces model barriers to entry, the threat of substitution, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among firms helps evaluate an industry whether it is profitable to enter that particular industry or not. When taking decisions regarding BOSC above factors should be taken into consideration also, the characteristics of BOSC are defined by the product portfolio, number of suppliers, information technology and automation. The generic marketing strategy options of low cost, differentiation, and focus remain the dominant strategy decision models. According to the market demand and changing market and technology requirements on the customer it is very important to strike a balance between the product variety and the production costs. Now days, the manufacturing firms are focussing a lot more to optimize their manufacturing process like six sigma, Kan Ban, Lean manufacturing, Total Quality Control, hence BOSC is one of them which helps them provide a variety of products, less inventory cost, good quality and minimum lead time. Market forces influence the infrastructure of BOSC in terms of strategic alliances, partnerships, customer relationship management, information technology and systems, performance measures and metrics. Competitive Factors Competitive forces include customers, suppliers, rivals, new entrants, and substitutes. Dell Computers was one of the first companies to implement BOSC in its system. Michael Dell started with the motive of mass customization only. His objective was to provide computers according to their requirement and latter on that model became such a success that it was adopted by giants like HP, Compaq and Gateway. BOSC gave the competitive advantage that to bring in the latest technology first because it dint have any inventory. As soon as a new technology was launched it was incorporated by Dell which gave them a competitive advantage. Global competition, advancements in technology, industry deregulation, and rising customer expectations are only a few factors that are placing unprecedented demands on business enterprises (Papazoglou et al., 2000). More research is required on the implications of factors external to the organization on the performance of BOSC in terms of costs, benefits, and customer service. The following are the major factors of competitive success: innovation, new products, cost, quality, speed, and the ability to attract customers (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2002). These factors are to be embedded in BOSC in various forms with the ultimate objective of meeting the requirements of individual customers on time and in a cost-effective manner. Developing and Implementing BOSC Developing and implementing BOSC includes designing products and coming up with a procurement process, developing partnerships and a virtual supply chain, and managing logistics. This is an important area in which numerous medium to long-term decisions are made, and their impact on the performance of BOSC is significant. Design and Procurement In BOSC, the production system needs to be flexible and responsive enough to meet the requirements of an individual. Reducing the time in product design, efficient procuring of raw material are important issues to be dealt with to meet the requirements of customers and be responsive. Efficient procuring of raw material is only possible when the organization has a good supplier relationship and their support helps to operated nearly on no work in progress inventory. Strategies like BOSC can be well implemented if both the supplier and the organization have a good IT infrastructure or our linked through ERP like SAP or e-procurement software. It makes the conversation between the company and its peers very simple and efficient and procurement becomes a simple exercise. When an organization deals in products of high variety like in any automobile industry, demand forecasting and inventory management and meet customer requirements becomes a very difficult task, in these industries BOSC management should be the best alternative to survive in the market and make profits. Development of partnerships and supplies It is important to develop partnerships on an OEMs core competency in order to develop BOSC. For example, in automobile industry, organization has suppliers for different parts required to manufacture a car. So the organization outsources the delivery of the parts to the suppliers which are the best in that business. So, the company doesnt have to compromise on quality. Logistics Logistics involves transportation, consolidation and warehousing. Now days, the companies extensively utilize third party logistics (3PL) and fourth party logistics (4PL) which include companies like FedEx, Blue Dart ,UPS, DHL etc. 3PL is the management of logistic services beyond transportation. This might include storage, shipment and value-added services as well as the use of subcontractors. 4PL is the integration of all companies involved along the supply chain. 4PL is the planning, steering, and controlling of all logistic procedures (including flows of information, material, and capital) by one service provider with long-term strategic objectives. UPS World Wide Logistics employed a 4PL business model. Implementation Implementation involves putting the plan for BOSC into action. BOSC needs to be constructed based on the design and procurement of products and plans to establish partnerships, a virtual supply chain, and logistics. This requires the setting up of an implementation team, a time scale for the project, and evaluating the performance of the process of implementing BOSC. BOSC and Operations Planning/Forecasting In recent years, companies have started recognizing the trade-off between the variety of products and supply chain performance, more the variety of products the more it is difficult to forecast the demand trend in the market and on that basis carry out the production plan of the organization. Organizations have started doing modern forecasting techniques to meet the demand of the customers and have a production plan to meet that demand. When the forecasting or the demand pattern is received from the sales and marketing department to the manufacturing department, the planning is done on that basis. A Master Planning Schedule is prepared follows that is the Bill of material which lists downs the raw material required for the production. The other factor that may alter the forecasting is the bullwhip effect. If there is one manufacturer and one supplier then the bullwhip effect can be ruled out but that is practically not possible. BOSC planning and execution involve managing partnering firms that are dispersed all over the globe. It is to be noted that the objective of partnering firms in BOSC should be incorporated in the planning. Although BOSC is based on customer orders, partnering firms or suppliers need to know the forecast of the demand for parts and components. A decision support system would enable strategic, tactical, and operational decision making in supply chains that will be helpful in BOSC. This can include a modelling infrastructure comprised of a library of carefully designed generic objects for modelling elements of BOSC and dynamic interactions among these elements (Biswas and Narahari, 2004). Although BOSC is a MTO system, there is a need for the aggregate forecasting of demand for the final products for 1-2 years. This information could be transmitted to suppliers to allow them to make available the required components and services at the right volume and at the right time. BOSC and Information Technology Internet, ERP and E-commerce Information technologies such as EDI, the Internet, the WWW, ERP, and RFID facilitate the integration of customers and suppliers or partnering firms along supply networks. Since suppliers or partnering firms are geographically dispersed, an effective communication system that is a real-time system is necessary. BOSC requires a system that can keep track of all orders and is well connected with supplier firms. Since most orders will be received online, high-speed Internet connectivity is required to allow customers to check products and place orders with complete confidence. Information managers are responsible for identifying a suitable ERP system, including developing an ecommerce enabled customer-order system to facilitate the exchange of customer requirements in real-time and also to communicate with suppliers on components and other support services such as logistics. Information system managers should work with other company managers to select a suitable ERP system and/or e-comm erce system based on their companys business model, which includes the integration of the OEMs system with those of partnering firms along the BOSC. The integration of the link between customers and suppliers is essential for BOSC. These can be achieved by suitably aligning the information system with the business model of BOSC. Research Methodology Sources of Primary Data Analysis of Primary Data Findings Conclusion

Fraud Invalidates a Contract

Week Four Assignment By: Kelly Sciberras November 25, 2012 DeVry University Business Law – BUSN420 ? Week Four Assignment As our textbook explains fraud invalidates a contract. â€Å"The presence of fraud affects the authenticity of the innocent party’s consent to a contract. When an innocent party is fraudulently induced to enter into a contract, the contract usually can be avoided because she or he has not voluntarily consented to the terms. Normally, the innocent party can either cancel the contract and be restored to her or his original position or enforce the contract and seek damages for harms resulting from the fraud (Miller 281). Generally, fraudulent misrepresentation refers only to misrepresentation that is consciously false and is intended to mislead another. Typically, fraud involves three elements; a misrepresentation of a material fact must occur, secondly there must be intent to deceive, and lastly the innocent party must justifiably rely on the misrepre sentation. To collect damages, a party must have been harmed as a result of the misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation can also occur in the online environment.Undue Influence and Duress Undue influence arises from relationships in which one party can greatly influence another party, thus overcoming that party’s free will. A contract entered into under excessive or undue influence lacks voluntary consent and is therefore voidable. The essential feature of undue influence is that the party being taken advantage of does not, in reality, exercise free will in entering into a contract. It is not enough that a person is elderly or suffers from some mental or physical impairment.There must be clear and convincing evidence that the person did not act out of her or his free will Miller explains. Forcing a party to enter into a contract because of the fear created by threats is referred to as duress. In addition, blackmail or extortion to induce consent to a contract constitu tes duress. Generally, for duress to occur, the threatened act must be wrongful or illegal. Threatening to exercise a legal right, such as the right to sue someone, ordinarily is not illegal and usually does not constitute duress.Duress is both a defense to the enforcement of a contract and a ground for rescission of a contract. Therefore, a party who signs a contract under duress can choose to carry out the contract or to avoid the entire transaction. (The wronged party usually has this choice in cases in which consent is not voluntary. ) Economic need generally is not sufficient to constitute duress, even when one party exacts a very high price for an item the other party needs. If the party exacting the price also creates the need, however, economic duress may be found (Miller 286-287).Examples of undue influence and duress can been seen in various types of relationships in which one party may dominate another party, thus unfairly influencing him or her. Minors and elderly people , for example, are often under the influence of guardians. If a guardian induces a young or elderly ward to enter into a contract that benefits the guardian, the guardian may have exerted undue influence. Undue influence can arise from a number of confidential or fiduciary relationships, including attorney-client, physician-patient, guardian-ward, parent-child, husband-wife, and trustee-beneficiary (Miller 286).Damages and Equitable Remedies There are basically four broad categories of damages; compensatory damages which are intended to cover direct losses and costs, consequential damages which cover indirect and foreseeable losses, punitive damages are supposed to punish and deter wrongdoing, and nominal damages which recognize wrongdoing when no monetary loss is shown (Miller 323). Our textbook discusses how there are times when damages are an inadequate remedy for a breach of contract.In these situations, the non-breaching party may ask the court for an equitable remedy. Equitabl e remedies include rescission and restitution, specific performance, and reformation. Restitution is an equitable remedy under which a person is restored to his or her original position prior to loss or injury, or placed in the position he or she would have been in had the breach not occurred. Specific Performance is an equitable remedy requiring exactly the performance that was specified in a contract; usually granted only when monetary damages would be an inadequate emedy and the subject matter of the contract is unique (for example, real property). Reformation is an equitable remedy used when the parties have imperfectly expressed their agreement in writing. Reformation allows a court to rewrite the contract to reflect the parties’ true intentions. Courts order reformation most often when fraud or mutual mistake is present. ? References Miller, Jentz. Business Law Today: Comprehensive, 9th Edition. South Western Educational Publishing, 01/2011. .

Life in the Past and Life Now-Comparison.

Life in the past and life now-comparison. Over the last century, there have been many significant changes in the way we live. Obviously, it is hard to compare the life of the ancient people and the life of the people of the twenty first century because so many changes have occurred. However, even the changes that have taken place over the last ten years are amazing. To start with, people were not able to travel such long distances in such short period of time. The planes were not that popular then because they used to be a very expensive means of transport.Nowadays, we have become very mobile. We have fast and comfortable cars and more and more people also travel by plane. Moreover, in the past people had to work much harder as they did not have tools which made their work easier. Today, most of the difficult and dangerous work is done by computers and other machines. In the past the conditions of living were not as comfortable as they are now. There were not bathrooms and running wa ter in many houses, besides many people could not afford household appliances like fridge, TV set or vacuum cleaner because they used to be luxurious goods.Another difference between living now and in the past is the fact that nowadays the access to education is much easier. In the past, there were fewer schools and the quality of the education they provided was much poorer. Besides, nowadays it is much easier to find the educational materials that you need thanks to the Internet. Another difference is that in the past there were not that many sources of entertainment. Therefore people used to spend more time with their friends.All things considering, it is an obvious conclusion that life has changed significantly in the last couple of years. It is definitely much easier now however, it is not easy to decide whether it is also better. The scientific achievements and technological progress are amazing. We still create new inventions which simplify our lives. On the other hand, howeve r, life now is much faster and busier than it used to be in the past. Moreover, it has also become more dangerous. The standard of living has definitely improved but it can be discussed whether the quality of our lives is also better. Life in the Past and Life Now-Comparison. Life in the past and life now-comparison. Over the last century, there have been many significant changes in the way we live. Obviously, it is hard to compare the life of the ancient people and the life of the people of the twenty first century because so many changes have occurred. However, even the changes that have taken place over the last ten years are amazing. To start with, people were not able to travel such long distances in such short period of time. The planes were not that popular then because they used to be a very expensive means of transport.Nowadays, we have become very mobile. We have fast and comfortable cars and more and more people also travel by plane. Moreover, in the past people had to work much harder as they did not have tools which made their work easier. Today, most of the difficult and dangerous work is done by computers and other machines. In the past the conditions of living were not as comfortable as they are now. There were not bathrooms and running wa ter in many houses, besides many people could not afford household appliances like fridge, TV set or vacuum cleaner because they used to be luxurious goods.Another difference between living now and in the past is the fact that nowadays the access to education is much easier. In the past, there were fewer schools and the quality of the education they provided was much poorer. Besides, nowadays it is much easier to find the educational materials that you need thanks to the Internet. Another difference is that in the past there were not that many sources of entertainment. Therefore people used to spend more time with their friends.All things considering, it is an obvious conclusion that life has changed significantly in the last couple of years. It is definitely much easier now however, it is not easy to decide whether it is also better. The scientific achievements and technological progress are amazing. We still create new inventions which simplify our lives. On the other hand, howeve r, life now is much faster and busier than it used to be in the past. Moreover, it has also become more dangerous. The standard of living has definitely improved but it can be discussed whether the quality of our lives is also better.

My General Observation Of The Kennon Family - 853 Words

My general observation of the Kennon family is that there is a lot of alcohol substance abuse that has weaved its way throughout our family, I am not sure if it is due to poverty and or depression or a little of both but it is very prominent that this is a prevalent problem within my family. Along with substance abuse there is a lot of physical and mental abuse and I believe this factor is due to lack of education and or the lack of self-esteem, although physical abuse is apparent within my family, they abused do not stay with there abuser for longer than 15 years. I know that this is a long time for a person but when you feel you have no way out, sometimes you just stick it out and hope that it gets better. The last main observation I made is that marriage is not really prevalent within my family, mostly single mothers, and I am not sure what to attribute that too. Underlying theme- Alcoholism Alcohol use disorders is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide and rank high as a cause of dis- ability burden in most regions of the world. In 2003, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders was estimated at 1.7% globally, and these disorders accounted for 1.4% of the total world disease burden. (Grant et al., 2004, p. 223) â€Å"Children of alcoholics, or â€Å"COAs† as they are called—are more likely than children from homes without such problems to develop serious problems of their own† such as, children of alcoholics (COAs) are four times more likely than non-COAs to develop

Past and Present Connections Alice Walker’s Use of First...

Alice Walker’s use of first person point of view allows us to form closer connections to the story by enabling the reader to better understand Mama’s views. The role of Mama as narrator helps us transgress through a story that when first read, seems like a fairly simple story about a Black woman, her two distinct daughters, and a quilt with an undetermined destination. Upon closer reading and analysis of the role of Mama as narrator, it is apparent that this is not just a simple tale of a Black woman, her two daughters and a quilt, but the story of Black women, their heritage, and the quilt as a symbol for that heritage and the generations of history associated with that heritage. Through Mama’s narration we will see Mama’s internal†¦show more content†¦She realized it was beautiful and how it was made from the beautiful tree in the backyard of where her sister Big Dee and her first husband Stash used to live (Par 54). Through first person narrati on we connect to Mama’s deep, inner feelings as Mama is in the process of understanding the value of these objects in which carry historical significance to her family. Only through first person narrative can we as the readers get an immediate sense of what Mama is feeling and how her character is developing. The final straw that broke the camel’s back for Mama was when Dee wanted to possess the one quilt that has been passed down from generation to generation. It wasn’t that she wanted it so much as she had no clue of the simple value of those quilts. Dee claims to want them to hang on the wall and to keep safe the heritage and the history of those quilts rather than for Mama to give them to Maggie because she thinks Maggie will just put them to â€Å"everyday use† and ruin them. Dee didn’t know the history of those quilts as much as she claimed that she did. To Mama, that quilt was the bits and pieces of memories and history passed on from her great grandma’s time. In the beginning, Mama was planning to give them to Dee and actually had offered it to her but Dee didn’t want them back then. Dee said the quilt was pieces of her grandma’s dresses but in fact, they were bits and pieces of all the past generations clothesShow MoreRelatedEveryd ay Use By Alice Walker1725 Words   |  7 Pagesthat heritage has to do with truly understanding their past. Many often misrepresent it, especially the younger generations who just accept its presence. Alice Walker’s short story, â€Å"Everyday Use,† revolves around an African American family that consists of three women, who are very different from each other. The story begins with Maggie and Mama waiting in the yard for Dee, the main character, to visit from Augusta. Dee is the first person in her family to attend college, which creates distanceRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Us e is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 PagesAlice Walker: Peeling an Essence As an African- American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to aRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Alice Walker, Flannery O Connor, And Raymond Carver1831 Words   |  8 Pageswhich authors present as either to have â€Å"normal† or â€Å"abnormal† relationships. Three authors whose writing published in the 20th century focuses on family as a central theme are Alice Walker, Flannery O’Connor, and Raymond Carver. A commonality between all three stories is the emphasize on the role of women within the family unit. All three short stories use different e lements such as characterization, conflict, plot, symbolism and tone, but while Alice Walker and Raymond Carver present â€Å"normal† family

The Is A Byronic Hero For Modern Society Essay - 1017 Words

Analysis questions: 1. What were you trying to accomplish in this essay? What were you trying to get your audience to understand? †¢ My goal was to help my audience understand that they also can serve as â€Å"little heroes† in everyday life. No one has to have superpowers to be of assistance to someone in need. We each have qualities within us that move us to bring happiness to others. 2. What is the thesis? What does it help us understand about the stages of the essay? About the significance of the essay? †¢ He is revered as a beacon of hope for the horrific events in a terrorist society, an extraordinary symbol of the American dream, and a selfless fighter to protect Gotham. †¢ In this essay, my goal was to demonstrate a perfect example of dark life in Gothic times and how it applies to Batman as a Byronic hero for modern society. †¢ This thesis helps to develop the stages of my essay in this way. o Today, we live in tragic times where terrorism is on the rise all over the world. People are searching for leaders and heroes. They need someone who will â€Å"step up† and deal with the issues at hand. Batman did that for his citizens. We are no different. People want someone to reach out and help today. o Batman is an extraordinary symbol of the American dream. As Americans, we want freedom and peace. We want to accomplish goals for our families. We want out children to grow up and be able to pursue whatever career they want without threat. As American citizens, we look out forShow MoreRelatedGothic Literature : Modern Day Films And Television1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they faced on a regular basis. Gothic culture, therefore, changed its reflection and created a landmark from the 17th century until now with a different perspective. Gothic literature has influenced how Byronic heroes are portrayed in modern day films and television. In times past, the Byronic heroes such as Batman and Superman were depicted as innocent heroes that could do no harm. 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Theories Corresponding to the MBA-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the various theories corresponding to the MBA. Answer: Introduction. In business survival tactics and management, it is a definite fact that effective and efficient problem solving appear to be the most appropriate component. It is however very open that the kind of a problem facing a particular business will be subjected to all the industries and the companies. Nevertheless, the approaches used in the resolutions are just the same.in this particular context, there are myriad of subjects in MBA available to the managerial staffs. These subject will enable us in this study to express their significance in solving business problems. Again, in that subject matter, there exists myriad of theories that draw perfect positive correlation and association in solving business problems. Both the subjects and the corresponding theories can be tailored to a particular business entity and its workers to achieve financial progress and objectives. This is definitely promote and enhance proper working environment and morale of the employees. These subjects would inclu de; management theory and practice, leadership and entrepreneurship, human resource management, marketing management, strategic management, accounting and financial management. These subjects have demonstrated not once but time without numbers ways of solving business problems. To start with, these subjects are interconnected such that a manager in a business entity would draw skills in a collective manner. They recommend for one another when making sound decisions and when solving business problems. There are various skill obtained from these subjects (McGregor D 2016). Theoretical skills, applied skills, practical skills and reflective skills are the main skill applicable in these subject. To begin with, we consider the theoretical skills with regard to the subjects. Management theory and practice will assist the manager in understanding the management framework of the business entity. Here, there exist management models such as theory x and theory y depending on the nature of workers the management is dealing with. Strategic management will help the managers in project development in the business entity by application of strategic processes such as stochastic process used in the analyzing the best time for a business to engage into a particular investmen t (Miller TL 2015). This lowers the risk of loss and uncertain business risks once you venture into an investment. Accounting and financial management will assist the managers to an estimate of resources required to accomplish a given business agenda. The manager will do research drawing benchmarks from previous business investments. Processes and models such as a Harrington model will be appropriate. Secondly, applied skills will also relate to the subject matter. Marketing management is an important subject in the applied skill. It will be applied to determine the best market for a given products and services. Marketing strategies will enhance decision making where determining the kind of a market to venture (Donella HM 2008). The manager will decide where to enlarge the market depending on the current level of consumption and the response of the clients for products and services provide. The manager will also look on the demand and supply forces that influences market shifts. Leadership and entrepreneurial subject in MBA will reflect in the applied risk. Its a duty of any organization to provide quality leadership. This leadership provide information to the entire stakeholders in order to achieve the set objectives. On entrepreneurship, the business entity always face chaos once unfavorable competition trickle in. therefore a business entity will be required to innovate more id eas to promote their growth (Fletcher F 2012). This a skill that will enable the managers to be innovative to fill the gap that is left by other investor. Applied skills will therefore demand more on creating new ideas rather than having theoretical skills. Accounting and financial management will assist the manager to determine the sources of income to implement the new ideas. They can decide to take business savings and retained profits to invest more in capital development. They can also decide to borrow grants and loans for the same purpose. This will also help the manager to enact ways to repay such loans in case he take that direction. The manager will finally provide the information to other stakeholder so that they ascertain and hence moving in one accord. Next is practical skills attributed to MBA subject matter. The best assertion on this skill is decision making. It is very important for a manager to know that he is the decision maker in a business. Therefore, any decision made by the manager absolutely count toward the growth and development of any business (Cole 2011). Human resource management is a subject study in MBA. This subject relates to the welfare of workers and human resource management is a subject study in MBA. This subject relates to the welfare of workers and recruitment procedures. Therefore a manager will be required to make decision on how the recruitment process will follow. Again, the manager will be in a position to determine the number of workers to be employed in a given business entity. This means that at any particular time, the number of workers should correspond the work available without any reservation whatever. The manager with other managerial stuffs should make sound decisions when allocating profits and other incentives. They also make decision to the professional personnel to be recruited in a particular field based on skills and competency. This indicates in a simple term how decision making matters in solving all these business problems. Finally, accounting and financial management subject also plays an important role in any business. Capital refers the baseline and motherboard of any business entity. As a manager, you need to have strong skills in accounting principles and financial management. This will help the managers to make decision regarding the financial control. The manager must make sound decisions on whether to making saving and investments. Whether there should be an injection or withdrawal in the business cycle and so on. This will reduce chances of insolvency and bankruptcy of the entire business investment. Finally, the last skill to consider in the MBA subject is reflective skill (Bonney G 2016). This skill as the word suggest enable the managers to reflect on personal attributes in propelling the success of a business. After deeply going through the selected MBA subjects, the manager is able to gauge his skills with regard to the outer appearance of the business progress. Management theory and practice enable the manager to reflect what he has become. In this case, the manager is able to consider the various theories used in leadership and solving business plan. The manager has become very sensitive towards the working environment of the workers. Still, the manager become very strong in management by enacting policies and decisions towards the development of the business. Strategic management makes the manager to be responsible in various strategies of business. (Addison J 2016). He is therefore superior to his subordinate staffs. The manager become an icon in that business and every stakeholder always lay trust in them. Accounting and financial management becomes the most challenging aspect in the management life. The manager need to present budget for revenue collection and the corresponding expenditures. This become challenging when collecting resources from various sources. A further problem arise when allocating funds to the departments. Every department would demand the best share from that common pool of funds. It becomes challenging when presenting the expenditure report to the shareholder. High corporate taxes are imposed to businesses and so on (Nickels GW 2015). Therefore this issue of accounting and financial management becomes the most challenging factor in managerial sector. However, the good thing in this case in the study subject of accounting and financial management in MBA. This particular subject has trained managers towards solving such business problems. They are equipped with viable skills in accounting. Finance data keeping and presentatio n are among other skills that the manager gain. Finally, on reflective skill, the most enjoyable aspect is to see a success despite the many challenges. It is enjoying for a manager to realize how important his decision matters. It makes the manager to work with zeal and tenacity. It is also enjoying to see how your employing appreciate your decisions and policies (Daft RL 2015). The manager enjoys when the worker are implementing his polices and by the end of the day great success is achieved. This is the main thing that keeps the manager on tract always. This last part of this essay discuss the various theories corresponding to the MBA subjects under discussion. We explain how these theories interrelate to the subjects and the application of these theories in solving the business problems. Lastly, we assert how the subjects and the theoretical models gives an effective manager knowledge based on the management requirement. There are four theories that relate to the discussed subjects namely: Contingency theory System theory Chaos theory Theory X and theory Y. Contingency theory. This is an important theory that explains how leaders in management makes decisions depending on the situation at hand. The management team will take the key action depending on facts that are most crucial at such particular point in time or rather at that current situation. For example, in order to improve business performance, contingency theory prefers the manager to apply the leadership approach mechanism rather than applying the autocratic approach mechanism when requesting workers and employees to participate in a particular task (Donaldson L 2011). The importance of this theory is to enlighten the manager on the approach to use based on the level of his workers or the circumstance at which such a directive will be given. A manager in a business entity is advised to use leadership approach when giving directives to his team of workers whereas a manager in the army may use an autocratic approach to his army of solders. The application of this theory would be in business entity b y applying leadership approach to delegate duties to workers. System theory. In this theory, the management team realize how different systems affect the employee and the converse of how these employees affects the systems that surround them. A system in that matter would refer to the various entities that work closely to achieve a certain objective (Wild JJ 2014). In business field, this objective is to realize profits. System theory will enable managers to in coordination and extermination of sequences and events in the working environment. Managers will be able to coordinate the workers to work as a team teamwork is profitable and more effective rather than working at individual or the isolated department levels in an organization. The importance of this theory is to help managers to group their workers in groups that have similar objectives and ideology. It will be applicable in solving business problems where conflict of ideas arises. Chaos theory Entropy is disorder and chaos is entropy. Therefore for this case, change is constant. It is not usually simple to control all the events in an organization. Some circumstances cannot be controlled. This theory demonstrates how difficult it is to control change (Gleick J 2008). For that reason we assert that change is inevitable. During boom seasons, some events and complexity of an organization grows. This demand a corresponding increase in power to maintain the increased level of complexity. More energy must be gathered as stability tends to tends to increase by increasing stability structure (Karunadasa Y 2013). These systems progresses in change and evolution. The importance of this theory is to help the organization or business entity to stabilize when facing chaos of increasing business complexity and structure. Theory X and Theory Y. Depending on how workers express their attitude on business or management, this theory uses the high influence of their attitudes and beliefs to make a verdict. For workers and employees who lacks incentives and ambition to propel productivity, they are subjected to theory X by their managers (Graziosi D 2017). On the other hand, the responsible workers are highly value by their managers. These managers believe very little that need to be done and applies theory Y. Theory X will make managers to use power, authority and sanction for their workers while theory y will make managers to encourage their workers and employees toward achieving their objectives. Finally, this theory is important in solving business problems because managers will be in a position to value their workers for profitable gain. Subjects and theoretical models will give knowledge to the effective managers by considering the best theory that fits their workers for maximum productivity without any reservation whateve r. Conclusion. In conclusion, it is important for managers to realize how important the subjects discussed above assist in solving business problems. Each subject has a great weight in a particular field. This implies if the managers applies them collectively businesses will scale the greatest heights of production. I recommend further analysis of other subject in MBA so as to assist all the managers whose work is geared to achieving the best output References Addison, J 2016, Real Leadership. McGraw-Hill Education. Bonney, G 2016, In the Company of Women. Artisan publisher. Cole, 2011, Management Theory and Practice. International Thomson Business Press. Daft, RL 2015, Management. South Western College Pub. Donaldson, L 2011, the Contingency Theory of Organizations. Sage publication Donella, HM 2008, Thinking in Systems. Chelsea Green Publishing Fletcher, F 2012, Business Problem Solving. Routledge Gleick, J 2008, Chaos. Penguin Book. Graziosi, D 2017, Millionaire Success Habit. Dean Graziosi publishers. Karunadasa, Y 2013, Dhamma Theory. Buddhist Publication Society. McGregor, D 2016, the Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Miller, TL 2015, Horngrens Financial and Management Accounting. Pearson publisher Nickels, GW 2015, Understanding Business. McGraw Hill Education. Saloner, G 2009, Strategic Management. Wiley Publishers Wild, JJ 2014, Fundamental Accounting Principles. McGraw Hill Education